Fix multiple bugs associated with CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY (Andres Freund, Tom Lane)

Fix CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY to use in-place updates when changing the state of an index's pg_index row. This prevents race conditions that could cause concurrent sessions to miss updating the target index, thus resulting in corrupt concurrently-created indexes.

Also, fix various other operations to ensure that they ignore invalid indexes resulting from a failed CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY command. The most important of these is VACUUM, because an auto-vacuum could easily be launched on the table before corrective action can be taken to fix or remove the invalid index.

Fix buffer locking during WAL replay (Tom Lane)

The WAL replay code was insufficiently careful about locking buffers when replaying WAL records that affect more than one page. This could result in hot standby queries transiently seeing inconsistent states, resulting in wrong answers or unexpected failures.

Fix an error in WAL generation logic for GIN indexes (Tom Lane)

This could result in index corruption, if a torn-page failure occurred.

Properly remove startup process's virtual XID lock when promoting a hot standby server to normal running (Simon Riggs)

This oversight could prevent subsequent execution of certain operations such as CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY.

Avoid bogus “out-of-sequence timeline ID” errors in standby mode (Heikki Linnakangas)

Prevent the postmaster from launching new child processes after it's received a shutdown signal (Tom Lane)

This mistake could result in shutdown taking longer than it should, or even never completing at all without additional user action.

Avoid corruption of internal hash tables when out of memory (Hitoshi Harada)

Fix planning of non-strict equivalence clauses above outer joins (Tom Lane)

The planner could derive incorrect constraints from a clause equating a non-strict construct to something else, for example WHERE COALESCE(foo, 0) = 0 when foo is coming from the nullable side of an outer join.

Improve planner's ability to prove exclusion constraints from equivalence classes (Tom Lane)

Fix partial-row matching in hashed subplans to handle cross-type cases correctly (Tom Lane)

This affects multicolumn NOT IN subplans, such as WHERE (a, b) NOT IN (SELECT x, y FROM ...) when for instance b and y are int4 and int8 respectively. This mistake led to wrong answers or crashes depending on the specific datatypes involved.

Acquire buffer lock when re-fetching the old tuple for an AFTER ROW UPDATE/DELETE trigger (Andres Freund)

In very unusual circumstances, this oversight could result in passing incorrect data to the precheck logic for a foreign-key enforcement trigger. That could result in a crash, or in an incorrect decision about whether to fire the trigger.

Fix ALTER COLUMN TYPE to handle inherited check constraints properly (Pavan Deolasee)

This worked correctly in pre-8.4 releases, and now works correctly in 8.4 and later.

Fix REASSIGN OWNED to handle grants on tablespaces (Álvaro Herrera)

Ignore incorrect pg_attribute entries for system columns for views (Tom Lane)

Views do not have any system columns. However, we forgot to remove such entries when converting a table to a view. That's fixed properly for 9.3 and later, but in previous branches we need to defend against existing mis-converted views.

Fix rule printing to dump INSERT INTO table DEFAULT VALUES correctly (Tom Lane)

Guard against stack overflow when there are too many UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT clauses in a query (Tom Lane)

Prevent platform-dependent failures when dividing the minimum possible integer value by -1 (Xi Wang, Tom Lane)

Fix possible access past end of string in date parsing (Hitoshi Harada)

Fix failure to advance XID epoch if XID wraparound happens during a checkpoint and wal_level is hot_standby (Tom Lane, Andres Freund)

While this mistake had no particular impact on PostgreSQL itself, it was bad for applications that rely on txid_current() and related functions: the TXID value would appear to go backwards.

Produce an understandable error message if the length of the path name for a Unix-domain socket exceeds the platform-specific limit (Tom Lane, Andrew Dunstan)

Formerly, this would result in something quite unhelpful, such as “Non-recoverable failure in name resolution”.

Fix memory leaks when sending composite column values to the client (Tom Lane)

Make pg_ctl more robust about reading the postmaster.pid file (Heikki Linnakangas)

Fix race conditions and possible file descriptor leakage.

Fix possible crash in psql if incorrectly-encoded data is presented and the client_encoding setting is a client-only encoding, such as SJIS (Jiang Guiqing)

Fix bugs in the restore.sql script emitted by pg_dump in tar output format (Tom Lane)

The script would fail outright on tables whose names include upper-case characters. Also, make the script capable of restoring data in --inserts mode as well as the regular COPY mode.

Fix pg_restore to accept POSIX-conformant tar files (Brian Weaver, Tom Lane)

The original coding of pg_dump's tar output mode produced files that are not fully conformant with the POSIX standard. This has been corrected for version 9.3. This patch updates previous branches so that they will accept both the incorrect and the corrected formats, in hopes of avoiding compatibility problems when 9.3 comes out.

Fix pg_resetxlog to locate postmaster.pid correctly when given a relative path to the data directory (Tom Lane)

This mistake could lead to pg_resetxlog not noticing that there is an active postmaster using the data directory.

Fix libpq's lo_import() and lo_export() functions to report file I/O errors properly (Tom Lane)

Fix ecpg's processing of nested structure pointer variables (Muhammad Usama)

Fix ecpg's ecpg_get_data function to handle arrays properly (Michael Meskes)

Make contrib/pageinspect's btree page inspection functions take buffer locks while examining pages (Tom Lane)

Fix pgxs support for building loadable modules on AIX (Tom Lane)

Building modules outside the original source tree didn't work on AIX.

Update time zone data files to tzdata release 2012j for DST law changes in Cuba, Israel, Jordan, Libya, Palestine, Western Samoa, and portions of Brazil.